IPBES框架下的生物多样性和生态系统服务区域评估及政策经验

生物多样性和生态系统服务为人类的生计和良好的生活质量奠定了重要基础。然而, 越来越多的研究表明, 生物多样性和生态系统服务在全球范围内的持续下降使自然对人类的贡献大幅降低。多尺度评估能够说明不同尺度下生物多样性的现状, 有利于制定适合区域特点、符合国情的决策建议。2013年12月, 生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, IPBES)通过第一轮工作方案, 决定开展“区域/次区域生物多样性和生态系统服务评估”(简称“区域评估”), 即评估亚洲-太平洋(简称亚太)、美洲、非洲以及欧洲-中亚四大地理区域的生物多样性和生态系统服务。区域评估报告及其决策者摘要已在IPBES第六次全体会议上(2018年3月, 哥伦比亚麦德林)审议通过。本文概述了四大地理区域的生物多样性的重要性、生物多样性保护领域取得的进展、面临的主要危机和机遇, 探讨了评估对其他国际进程的影响, 综合分析了各区域生物多样性和生态系统服务的特点以及各区域评估结果的差别, 总结了评估的政策经验, 以期为中国的生物多样性保护提供科学参考。     

北京市水果消费的生态足迹距离研究

采用生态足迹距离指标方法体系,对2009年至2012年间北京市水果消费的生态足迹距离进行研究。结果表明4年间:跨区转移的生态承载力质量距离,由2009年的11.5×10~8t km逐年增加到了2012年的17.01×10~8t km,共增加了47.91%;生态足迹距离则相对稳定在886.66 km至1073.55 km之间;人均生态足迹距离,总体上由2009年的4.39×10~4km增加到2012年的5.55×104km,共增加了26.42%。从类别的视角,年均生态足迹距离最大的是香蕉(2072 km),最小的是苹果(476 km);年均跨区转移的生物承载力质量距离,最大的是西瓜(4978×10~8kg km),最小的是香蕉(518×10~8kg km);而4年平均人均生态足迹距离,最大的是西瓜(17.7×10~4km),最小的是香蕉(1.92×10~4km)。快速城市化阶段的北京,对外生态依赖范围也迅速扩大,并高于人口增加的速率。     

Review: An integrated graphical tool for analysing impacts and services provided by livestock farming

Livestock farming is criticized for negatively impacting the environment, concerns about animal welfare and the impact of excessive meat consumption on human health. However, livestock farming provides other underappreciated and poorly communicated benefits to society in terms of employment, product quality, cultural landscapes and carbon storage by grasslands. Few attempts have been made so far to simultaneously consider the services and impacts provided by livestock production. Here, we propose an integrated graphical tool, called the ‘barn’ to explicitly summarize the synergies and trade-offs between services and impacts provided by livestock farming. It illustrates livestock farming interacting with its physical, economic and social environment along five interfaces: (i) Markets, (ii) Work and employment, (iii) Inputs, (iv) Environment and climate, (v) Social and cultural factors. This graphical tool was then applied by comparing two contrasting livestock production areas (high livestock density v. grassland-based), and the dominant v. a niche system within a crop-livestock area. We showed the barn could be used for cross-comparisons of services and impacts across livestock production areas, and for multi-level analysis of services and impacts of livestock farming within a given area. The barn graphically summarizes the ecological and socio-economic aspects of livestock farming by explicitly representing multiple services and impacts of different systems in a simple yet informative way. Information for the five interfaces relies on available quantitative assessments from the literature or data sets, and on expert-knowledge for more qualitative factors, such as social and cultural ones. The ‘barn’ can also inform local stakeholders or policy-makers about potential opportunities and threats to the future of livestock farming in specific production areas. It has already been used as a pedagogical tool for teaching the diversity of services and impacts of livestock systems across Europe and is currently developed as a serious game for encouraging knowledge exchange and sharing different viewpoints between stakeholders.     

The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat

There is growing awareness in Europe of the importance of ponds, and increasing understanding of the contribution they make to aquatic biodiversity and catchment functions. Collectively, they support considerably more species, and specifically more scarce species, than other freshwater waterbody types. Ponds create links (or stepping stones) between existing aquatic habitats, but also provide ecosystem services such as nutrient interception, hydrological regulation, etc. In addition, ponds are powerful model systems for studies in ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, and can be used as sentinel systems in the monitoring of global change. Ponds have begun to receive greater protection, particularly in the Mediterranean regions of Europe, as a result of the identification of Mediterranean temporary ponds as a priority in the EU Habitats Directive. Despite this, they remain excluded from the provisions of the Water Framework Directive, even though this is intended to ensure the good status of all waters. There is now a need to strengthen, develop and coordinate existing initiatives, and to build a common framework in order to establish a sound scientific and practical basis for pond conservation in Europe. The articles presented in this issue are intended to explore scientific problems to be solved in order to increase the understanding and the protection of ponds, to highlight those aspects of pond ecology that are relevant to freshwater science, and to bring out research areas which are likely to prove fruitful for further investigation. Guest editors: R. Céréghino, J. Biggs, B. Oertli and S. Declerck The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat     

生态系统服务价值的市场转化问题初探

为生态系统服务寻找建立特定的、真实的市场环境,将生态系统服务的间接价值转化为直接的经济价值,既有利于区域经济的发展,又可促进人们对生态系统服务功能的维持和保护。提出了生态系统服务价值的市场转化(率)概念,即生态系统服务价值市场转化是指为生态系统服务价值寻找建立特定的、真实的市场环境,使一些生态系统服务能够像普通商品一样进入市场流通,转化为直接的经济价值;而生态系统服务价值市场转化率(Cr)就是能够进入市场流通的服务价值(Va)占生态系统总服务价值(Vg)的比例。阐述了市场转化(率)的应用意义。在此基础上分析了全球及我国各类生态系统服务价值的市场转化情况,并提出了将来的发展思路。     

基于过程模型的2000-2018年中国陆地生态系统服务时空动态及其权衡与协同分析

2000年以来,中国陆地生态系统经历了剧烈变化并显著改变了生态系统服务。深入理解近20年中国陆地生态系统服务的时空演变格局及其权衡与协同关系对生态系统管理和可持续发展具有重要的理论和实践意义。基于最新发展的遥感驱动的生态系统服务评估过程模型(CEVSA-ES),研究定量评估了2000—2018年中国4种生态系统服务(即净初级生产力、固碳、蓄水及土壤保持)的时空格局及其权衡与协同关系。结果发现：(1)净初级生产力、固碳、蓄水及土壤保持等服务在2018的全国总量分别为3.68 Pg C/a、0.43 Pg C/a、1015.71 km³/a 208.18 Gt/a;东部季风区的生态系统服务显著高于西北内陆地区及青藏高原地区,特别是热带-亚热带地区主导了中国生态系统服务供给,其对全国尺度不同生态系统服务总量的贡献率均高于50%;(2)2000—2018年,全国净初级生产力、固碳、蓄水及土壤保持均呈增加趋势,年际变化速率分别为42.80 Tg C/a、13.42 Tg C/a、11.90 km³/a、1.11 Gt/a,其中净初级生产力、固碳、蓄水呈...     

Organic farming affects the potential of a granivorous carabid beetle to control arable weeds at local and landscape scales

相似文献   

A Taxonomic Review of the Use of IoT and Blockchain in Healthcare Applications

ObjectivesWith the rapid evolution and technology advancement, the healthcare sector is evolving day by day. It is taking advantage of different technologies such as Internet of things and Blockchain. Several applications related to daily healthcare activities are adopting the use of these technologies. In this paper, we present a review in which we group different healthcare applications that integrate the Internet of things and Blockchain in their systems.Material and methodsA review study about the integration of IoT and Blockchain in healthcare systems was conducted. We searched the databases ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar and ACM Digital Library.ResultsThis review focuses on categorizing the use cases of IoT and Blockchain in the healthcare sector. The study listed 6 applications in medical services, namely, remote patient monitoring, electronic medical records management, disease prediction, patient tracking, drug traceability and fighting infectious disease especially COVID-19. The paper also investigates the challenges associated with the adoption of the Blockchain technology in healthcare IoT-based systems and some of the existing solutions. It also introduces some future research directions.ConclusionThe survey of the use cases of IoT and Blockchain in the healthcare sector will serve as a state of the art for future researches. In addition, the paper gives some directions to new possible researches that could help to revolutionize the healthcare sector by using other technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, fog and cloud computing.     

The Horyzons project: a randomized controlled trial of a novel online social therapy to maintain treatment effects from specialist first‐episode psychosis services

This study aimed to determine whether, following two years of specialized support for first‐episode psychosis, the addition of a new digital intervention (Horyzons) to treatment as usual (TAU) for 18 months was more effective than 18 months of TAU alone. We conducted a single‐blind randomized controlled trial. Participants were people with first‐episode psychosis (N=170), aged 16‐27 years, in clinical remission and nearing discharge from a specialized service. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive Horyzons plus TAU (N=86) or TAU alone (N=84) between October 2013 and January 2017. Horyzons is a novel, comprehensive digital platform merging: peer‐to‐peer social networking; theory‐driven and evidence‐informed therapeutic interventions targeting social functioning, vocational recovery and relapse prevention; expert clinician and vocational support; and peer support and moderation. TAU involved transfer to primary or tertiary community mental health services. The primary outcome was social functioning at 18 months as measured by the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP). Forty‐seven participants (55.5%) in the Horyzons plus TAU group logged on for at least 6 months, and 40 (47.0%) for at least 9 months. Social functioning remained high and stable in both groups from baseline to 18‐month follow‐up, with no evidence of significant between‐group differences (PSP mean difference: –0.29, 95% CI: –4.20 to 3.63, p=0.77). Participants in the Horyzons group had a 5.5 times greater increase in their odds to find employment or enroll in education compared with those in TAU (odds ratio, OR=5.55, 95% CI: 1.09‐28.23, p=0.04), with evidence of a dose‐response effect. Moreover, participants in TAU were twice as likely to visit emergency services compared to those in the Horyzons group (39% vs. 19%; OR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.11‐0.86, p=0.03, number needed to treat, NNT=5). There was a non‐significant trend for lower hospitalizations due to psychosis in the Horyzons group vs. TAU (13% vs. 27%; OR=0.36, 95% CI: 0.11‐1.08, p=0.07, NNT=7). So, although we did not find a significant effect of Horyzons on social functioning compared with TAU, the intervention was effective in improving vocational or educational attainment, a core component of social recovery, and in reducing usage of hospital emergency services, a key aim of specialized first‐episode psychosis services. Horyzons holds significant promise as an engaging and sustainable intervention to provide effective vocational and relapse prevention support for young people with first‐episode psychosis beyond specialist services.